Various changes, staged

crates/core/src/bimage.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-use log::trace;
 use sevenz_rust2::ArchiveReader;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::fs::File;
-use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign};
+use std::ops::AddAssign;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 const DEFAULT_LOCATION: &str = "./lib/modules";
@@ -31,21 +30,6 @@ impl Default for Bimage {
 			.into_iter()
 			.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 		modules.sort();
-
-		/*let packages = reader
-		.archive()
-		.files
-		.iter()
-		.filter(|e| !e.is_directory)
-		.map(|e| {
-			if e.name.contains("java.base") {
-				println!("{:?}", e);
-			}
-
-			("Greg".to_owned(), "Dave".to_owned())
-		})
-		.collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();*/
-
 		let packages = HashMap::new();
 
 		Self {
@@ -85,9 +69,6 @@ impl Bimage {
 
 	pub fn get_class(&mut self, module: &str, class: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
 		// trace!("Modules{:#?}", self.modules);
-		if class.contains("ScopedMemoryAccess") {
-			println!("Time to scoped: {:?}", self.total_access_time)
-		}
 		let start = Instant::now();
 		let path = Self::resolve_path(module, class);
 		let res = self.image.read_file(&path).map_err(|e| {

crates/core/src/class.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-use crate::attributes::AttributeInfo;
-use crate::class_file::{
-	ClassFile, ClassFlags, ConstantPoolEntry, FieldData, FieldInfo, FieldRef, MethodData,
-	MethodInfo, MethodRef,
-};
+use crate::class_file::attributes::BootstrapMethodsAttribute;
+use crate::class_file::{ClassFlags, ConstantPoolEntry, FieldData, MethodData};
 use crate::error::VmError;
 use crate::{FieldType, MethodDescriptor};
 use log::trace;
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
-use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock, OnceState};
+use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
 use std::thread::ThreadId;
 
 /// JVM Spec 5.5: Initialization states for a class
@@ -25,6 +22,8 @@ pub enum InitState {
 	Error(String),
 }
 
+pub type ClassRef = Arc<RuntimeClass>;
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct RuntimeClass {
 	pub constant_pool: Arc<Vec<ConstantPoolEntry>>,
@@ -42,6 +41,7 @@ pub struct RuntimeClass {
 	pub super_interfaces: Vec<Arc<RuntimeClass>>,
 	pub component_type: Option<Arc<RuntimeClass>>,
 	pub source_file: Option<String>,
+	pub bootstrap_attribute: Option<BootstrapMethodsAttribute>,
 }
 impl Hash for RuntimeClass {
 	fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {

crates/core/src/class_file/attributes.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use crate::class_file::constant_pool::ConstantPoolExt;
-use crate::class_file::{ClassFile, Constant, ConstantPoolEntry};
-use deku::{DekuContainerRead, DekuError, DekuReader};
-use deku_derive::DekuRead;
-use log::trace;
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
-use std::ops::Deref;
+use crate::class_file::{ClassFile, Constant};
 use deku::ctx::Endian;
+use deku::{DekuError, DekuReader};
+use deku_derive::DekuRead;
+use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, DekuRead)]
 #[deku(ctx = "_endian: deku::ctx::Endian", endian = "big")]
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ pub enum Attribute {
 	ConstantValue(Constant),
 	Code(CodeAttribute),
 	StackMapTable(Vec<u8>),
-	BootstrapMethods,
+	BootstrapMethods(BootstrapMethodsAttribute),
 	NestHost,
 	NestMembers,
 	PermittedSubclasses,
@@ -61,6 +60,30 @@ pub enum ArrayType {
 	T_LONG,
 }
 
+impl FromStr for ArrayType {
+	type Err = String;
+
+	fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+		match s {
+			// Integral types
+			"int" => Ok(Self::T_INT),
+			"long" => Ok(Self::T_LONG),
+			"short" => Ok(Self::T_SHORT),
+			"char" => Ok(Self::T_CHAR),
+			"byte" => Ok(Self::T_BYTE),
+
+			// Floating-point types
+			"float" => Ok(Self::T_FLOAT),
+			"double" => Ok(Self::T_DOUBLE),
+
+			// Other types
+			"boolean" => Ok(Self::T_BOOLEAN),
+
+			_ => Err("Invalid primitive type name".to_string()),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub struct LookupSwitchData {
 	pub default: i32,
@@ -123,12 +146,17 @@ impl<'a> DekuReader<'a, (Endian, u16)> for TableSwitchData {
 			offsets.push(i32::from_reader_with_ctx(reader, Endian::Big)?);
 		}
 
-		Ok(TableSwitchData { default, low, high, offsets })
+		Ok(TableSwitchData {
+			default,
+			low,
+			high,
+			offsets,
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 impl Display for ArrayType {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 		let str = match self {
 			ArrayType::T_BOOLEAN => "[Z",
 			ArrayType::T_CHAR => "[C",
@@ -143,22 +171,6 @@ impl Display for ArrayType {
 	}
 }
 
-// impl TryFrom<u8> for Ops {
-//     type Error = ();
-//
-//     fn try_from(value: u8) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-//         match value {
-//             0x2A => Ok(Ops::Aload0),
-//             0x2B => Ok(Ops::InvokeSpecial(0)),
-//             0x10 => Ok(Ops::Bipush(0)),
-//             0xB5 => Ok(Ops::Putfield(0)),
-//             0x14 => Ok(Ops::Ldc2_w(0)),
-//             0xB1 => Ok(Ops::Retern),
-//             _ => Err(())
-//         }
-//     }
-// }
-
 impl AttributeInfo {
 	// pub fn parse_attribute(&self, constant_pool: &[ConstantPoolEntry]) -> Option<Attribute> {
 	// 	let name = crate::class_file::pool_get_string(constant_pool, self.attribute_name_index)?;
@@ -226,7 +238,7 @@ impl AttributeInfo {
 impl LocalVariableTableAttribute {}
 
 impl Display for AttributeInfo {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 		writeln!(
 			f,
 			"AttributeInfo {{ name_index: {}, length: {} }}",
@@ -236,7 +248,7 @@ impl Display for AttributeInfo {
 }
 
 impl Display for Attribute {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 		match self {
 			Attribute::Code(code) => write!(f, "Code attribute: {}", code),
 			Attribute::SourceFile(index) => write!(f, "SourceFile attribute, index: {}", index),
@@ -252,6 +264,9 @@ impl Display for Attribute {
 			Attribute::LocalVariableTable(table) => {
 				write!(f, "LocalVariableTable attribute: {}", table)
 			}
+			Attribute::BootstrapMethods(bootstrap) => {
+				write!(f, "BootstrapMethods attribute: {}", bootstrap)
+			}
 			Attribute::Unknown(name, data) => {
 				write!(f, "Unknown attribute '{}', {} bytes", name, data.len())
 			}
@@ -263,7 +278,7 @@ impl Display for Attribute {
 }
 
 impl Display for CodeAttribute {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 		write!(
 			f,
 			"stack={}, locals={}, code={} bytes, exceptions={}, attributes={}",
@@ -320,7 +335,7 @@ pub struct LocalVariableTableEntry {
 }
 
 impl Display for LocalVariableTableAttribute {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 		write!(
 			f,
 			"local_variable_table_length={}, entries={}",
@@ -338,6 +353,23 @@ pub struct LineNumberTableAttribute {
 	pub line_number_table: Vec<LineNumberTableEntry>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, DekuRead)]
+#[deku(endian = "big")]
+pub struct BootstrapMethodsAttribute {
+	pub num_bootstrap_methods: u16,
+	#[deku(count = "num_bootstrap_methods")]
+	pub bootstrap_methods: Vec<BootstrapMethod>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, DekuRead)]
+#[deku(ctx = "_endian: deku::ctx::Endian", endian = "big")]
+pub struct BootstrapMethod {
+	pub bootstrap_method_ref: u16,
+	pub num_bootstrap_arguments: u16,
+	#[deku(count = "num_bootstrap_arguments")]
+	pub bootstrap_arguments: Vec<u16>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug, DekuRead)]
 #[deku(ctx = "_endian: deku::ctx::Endian", endian = "big")]
 pub struct LineNumberTableEntry {
@@ -346,7 +378,7 @@ pub struct LineNumberTableEntry {
 }
 
 impl Display for LineNumberTableAttribute {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 		write!(
 			f,
 			"table_length={}, entries={}",
@@ -355,3 +387,14 @@ impl Display for LineNumberTableAttribute {
 		)
 	}
 }
+
+impl Display for BootstrapMethodsAttribute {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+		write!(
+			f,
+			"num_bootstrap_methods={}, methods={}",
+			self.num_bootstrap_methods,
+			self.bootstrap_methods.len()
+		)
+	}
+}

crates/core/src/class_file/class_file.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-use crate::attributes::{Attribute, AttributeInfo, CodeAttribute, LineNumberTableEntry};
-use crate::class::RuntimeClass;
-use crate::class_file::constant_pool::{ConstantPoolError, ConstantPoolExt, ConstantPoolOwned};
+use crate::class_file::attributes::{
+	Attribute, AttributeInfo, CodeAttribute, LineNumberTableEntry,
+};
+use crate::class_file::constant_pool::{ConstantPoolExt, ConstantPoolOwned};
 use crate::instructions::Ops;
 use crate::value::Value;
 use crate::{BaseType, FieldType, MethodDescriptor};
@@ -214,8 +215,8 @@ pub struct ConstantPackageInfo {
 }
 
 // Display implementations for better formatting
-impl fmt::Display for ClassFile {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+impl Display for ClassFile {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
 		writeln!(f, "Class File Information:")?;
 		writeln!(
 			f,
@@ -266,8 +267,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for ClassFile {
 	}
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for ConstantPoolEntry {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+impl Display for ConstantPoolEntry {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
 		match self {
 			ConstantPoolEntry::Utf8(info) => {
 				let s = String::from_utf8_lossy(&info.bytes);
@@ -323,8 +324,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for ConstantPoolEntry {
 	}
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for FieldInfo {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+impl Display for FieldInfo {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
 		write!(
 			f,
 			"flags=0x{:04X}, name=#{}, descriptor=#{}, attrs={}",
@@ -336,8 +337,8 @@ impl fmt::Display for FieldInfo {
 	}
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for MethodInfo {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+impl Display for MethodInfo {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
 		let attrs: Vec<_> = self
 			.attributes
 			.iter()
@@ -395,7 +396,7 @@ impl ClassFile {
 		expanded
 	}
 
-	fn format_attribute(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, attr: &AttributeInfo) -> fmt::Result {
+	fn format_attribute(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>, attr: &AttributeInfo) -> fmt::Result {
 		let attribute = attr
 			.get(self)
 			.unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Failed to parse attribute {}", attr));
@@ -512,7 +513,7 @@ fn read_bytecode_with_offsets<R: deku::no_std_io::Read + deku::no_std_io::Seek>(
 		let op = Ops::from_reader_with_ctx(reader, byte_offset)?;
 
 		let end_pos = reader.bits_read;
-		let op_bytes = ((end_pos - start_pos) / 8) as usize;
+		let op_bytes = (end_pos - start_pos) / 8;
 
 		code.push((byte_offset, op));
 		byte_offset += op_bytes as u16;
@@ -678,6 +679,12 @@ impl From<MethodData> for MethodRef {
 	}
 }
 
+impl From<&MethodData> for MethodRef {
+	fn from(value: &MethodData) -> Self {
+		value.clone().into()
+	}
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct FieldRef {
 	pub class: String,
@@ -685,6 +692,18 @@ pub struct FieldRef {
 	pub desc: FieldType,
 }
 
+impl FieldRef {
+	pub fn new(class: &str, name: &str, field: FieldType) -> Self {
+		let class = class.to_string();
+		let name = name.to_string();
+		Self {
+			class,
+			name,
+			desc: field,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct FieldData {
 	pub name: String,
@@ -699,19 +718,38 @@ pub enum Constant {
 	Long(i64),
 	Float(f32),
 	Double(f64),
-	String(String),
+	String(u16),
 }
 
-impl From<Constant> for Value {
-	fn from(value: Constant) -> Self {
-		match value {
-			Constant::Int(x) => x.into(),
-			Constant::Long(x) => x.into(),
-			Constant::Float(x) => x.into(),
-			Constant::Double(x) => x.into(),
-			Constant::String(x) => {
-				todo!("Constant string")
+// impl From<Constant> for Value {
+// 	fn from(value: Constant) -> Self {
+// 		match value {
+// 			Constant::Int(x) => x.into(),
+// 			Constant::Long(x) => x.into(),
+// 			Constant::Float(x) => x.into(),
+// 			Constant::Double(x) => x.into(),
+// 			Constant::String(x) => {
+// 				todo!("Constant string")
+// 			}
+// 		}
+// 	}
+// }
+
+impl From<&ConstantPoolEntry> for Constant {
+	fn from(value: &ConstantPoolEntry) -> Self {
+		value.clone().into()
 	}
+}
+
+impl From<ConstantPoolEntry> for Constant {
+	fn from(value: ConstantPoolEntry) -> Self {
+		match value {
+			ConstantPoolEntry::Integer(i) => Self::Int(i),
+			ConstantPoolEntry::Float(f) => Self::Float(f),
+			ConstantPoolEntry::Long(l) => Self::Long(l),
+			ConstantPoolEntry::Double(d) => Self::Double(d),
+			ConstantPoolEntry::String(s) => Self::String(s.string_index),
+			_ => panic!(),
 		}
 	}
 }

crates/core/src/class_file/constant_pool.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-use crate::attributes::{
-	Attribute, AttributeInfo, CodeAttribute, LineNumberTableAttribute, LocalVariableTableAttribute,
+use crate::class_file::attributes::{
+	Attribute, AttributeInfo, BootstrapMethodsAttribute, CodeAttribute, LineNumberTableAttribute,
+	LocalVariableTableAttribute,
 };
 use crate::class_file::{
 	ConstantClassInfo, ConstantDynamicInfo, ConstantFieldrefInfo, ConstantInterfaceMethodrefInfo,
@@ -9,8 +10,8 @@ use crate::class_file::{
 	MethodRef,
 };
 use crate::error::VmError;
-use crate::{pool_get_impl, FieldType, MethodDescriptor};
-use cesu8::{from_java_cesu8, Cesu8DecodingError};
+use crate::{FieldType, MethodDescriptor, pool_get_impl};
+use cesu8::{Cesu8DecodingError, from_java_cesu8};
 use deku::DekuContainerRead;
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 
@@ -137,8 +138,12 @@ pub trait ConstantPoolExt: ConstantPoolGet {
 		// trace!("Parsing attribute with name: {}", name);
 
 		match name.as_ref() {
+			"ConstantValue" => {
+				let thing = self.get_constant(u16::from_be_bytes([a.info[0], a.info[1]]))?;
+				Ok(Attribute::ConstantValue(thing.into()))
+			}
 			"Code" => {
-				let (_, mut code_attr) = CodeAttribute::from_bytes((a.info.as_slice(), 0))?;
+				let (_, code_attr) = CodeAttribute::from_bytes((a.info.as_slice(), 0))?;
 				Ok(Attribute::Code(code_attr))
 			}
 			"SourceFile" => {
@@ -160,6 +165,10 @@ pub trait ConstantPoolExt: ConstantPoolGet {
 				let (_, lvt) = LocalVariableTableAttribute::from_bytes((&a.info.as_slice(), 0))?;
 				Ok(Attribute::LocalVariableTable(lvt))
 			}
+			"BootstrapMethods" => {
+				let (_, bsm) = BootstrapMethodsAttribute::from_bytes((&a.info.as_slice(), 0))?;
+				Ok(Attribute::BootstrapMethods(bsm))
+			}
 			_ => Ok(Attribute::Unknown(name.to_string(), a.info.clone())),
 		}
 	}

crates/core/src/class_file/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
+pub mod attributes;
 pub mod class_file;
 pub mod constant_pool;
 
-// Re-export items if you want them accessible directly from class_file::
 pub use class_file::*; // optional
-					   // pub use constant_pool::*;  // optional

crates/core/src/class_loader.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-use crate::attributes::Attribute;
 use crate::bimage::Bimage;
 use crate::class::{InitState, RuntimeClass};
+use crate::class_file::attributes::Attribute;
 use crate::class_file::constant_pool::{ConstantPoolExt, ConstantPoolGet};
-use crate::class_file::{ClassFile, ClassFlags, FieldData, FieldFlags, MethodData, MethodFlags};
+use crate::class_file::{
+	ClassFile, ClassFlags, Constant, FieldData, FieldFlags, MethodData, MethodFlags,
+};
 use crate::error::VmError;
 use crate::{FieldType, MethodDescriptor};
 use dashmap::DashMap;
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ pub fn resolve_path(what: &str) -> Result<(PathBuf, String), String> {
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct ClassLoader {
 	pub(crate) classes: DashMap<(String, LoaderId), Arc<RuntimeClass>>,
-	bimage: Bimage,
+	bimage: Option<Bimage>,
 	// pub needs_init: Vec<Arc<RuntimeClass>>,
 }
 
@@ -93,10 +95,12 @@ type LoaderId = Option<u32>;
 
 impl ClassLoader {
 	pub fn access_time(&self) -> Duration {
-		self.bimage.total_access_time
+		self.bimage
+			.as_ref()
+			.map_or(Duration::ZERO, |b| b.total_access_time)
 	}
 	pub fn new() -> Result<Self, String> {
-		let loader = Self::default();
+		let loader = Self::with_bimage();
 		// for entry in VM_CLASSES {
 		//     let module_class = format!("{}/{}", "java.base", entry);;
 		//     loader.load_class(&module_class)?;
@@ -104,6 +108,14 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 		Ok(loader)
 	}
 
+	/// Create a ClassLoader with the boot image loaded
+	pub fn with_bimage() -> Self {
+		Self {
+			classes: DashMap::new(),
+			bimage: Some(Bimage::default()),
+		}
+	}
+
 	pub fn class_from_mirror_id(&self, id: u32) -> Option<Arc<RuntimeClass>> {
 		self.classes
 			.iter()
@@ -147,37 +159,34 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 		class_name: &str,
 		loader: LoaderId,
 	) -> Result<Arc<RuntimeClass>, VmError> {
+		let class_name = match class_name {
+			"B" => "byte",
+			"C" => "char",
+			"D" => "double",
+			"F" => "float",
+			"I" => "int",
+			"J" => "long",
+			"S" => "short",
+			"Z" => "boolean",
+			_ => class_name,
+		};
+
+		// Normalize L-descriptors: Ljava/lang/String; -> java/lang/String
+		let class_name = class_name
+			.strip_prefix('L')
+			.and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix(';'))
+			.unwrap_or(class_name);
+
 		if let Some(class) = self.classes.get(&(class_name.to_string(), loader)) {
 			return Ok(class.clone());
 		}
-		if class_name.starts_with("[") {
-			let component_name = class_name.strip_prefix("[").unwrap();
-			let component = match component_name.chars().next() {
-				Some('B') => self.get_or_load("byte", None),
-				Some('C') => self.get_or_load("char", None),
-				Some('D') => self.get_or_load("double", None),
-				Some('F') => self.get_or_load("float", None),
-				Some('I') => self.get_or_load("int", None),
-				Some('J') => self.get_or_load("long", None),
-				Some('S') => self.get_or_load("short", None),
-				Some('Z') => self.get_or_load("boolean", None),
-				Some('[') => self.get_or_load(component_name, None),
-				Some('L') => {
-					let class_name = component_name
-						.strip_prefix('L')
-						.and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix(';'))
-						.expect("invalid L descriptor");
-					self.get_or_load(class_name, None)
-				}
-				None => Err(VmError::LoaderError(
+		if let Some(component_name) = class_name.strip_prefix('[') {
+			if component_name.is_empty() {
+				return Err(VmError::LoaderError(
 					"empty component descriptor".to_string(),
-				)),
-				_ => Err(VmError::LoaderError(format!(
-					"invalid component descriptor: {}",
-					component_name
-				))),
-			}?;
-			// let component = self.get_or_load(component_name, None)?;
+				));
+			}
+			let component = self.get_or_load(component_name, loader)?;
 			let arr_class = self.create_array_class(component);
 			return Ok(arr_class);
 		}
@@ -197,9 +206,11 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 		let (module, class_fqn) = ("", what);
 		let bytes = self
 			.bimage
-			.get_class(module, class_fqn)
-			.or_else(|e| Self::load_class_from_disk(what))
-			.map_err(|e1| VmError::LoaderError(format!("failed to find class: {}", what)))?;
+			.as_mut()
+			.and_then(|b| b.get_class(module, class_fqn).ok())
+			.ok_or_else(|| "not in bimage")
+			.or_else(|_| Self::load_class_from_disk(what))
+			.map_err(|_| VmError::LoaderError(format!("failed to find class: {}", what)))?;
 		let (_, cf) =
 			ClassFile::from_bytes((bytes.as_ref(), 0)).map_err(|e| VmError::DekuError(e))?;
 		let runtime = self.runtime_class(cf);
@@ -287,7 +298,13 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 					if let Attribute::ConstantValue(val) =
 						constant_pool.parse_attribute(x.clone()).unwrap()
 					{
-						Some(val.into())
+						match val {
+							Constant::Int(i) => Some(i.into()),
+							Constant::Long(l) => Some(l.into()),
+							Constant::Float(f) => Some(f.into()),
+							Constant::Double(d) => Some(d.into()),
+							Constant::String(_) => None,
+						}
 					} else {
 						None
 					}
@@ -371,6 +388,14 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 			}
 		});
 
+		let bootstrap_attribute =
+			class_file.attributes.iter().find_map(|attr| {
+				match constant_pool.parse_attribute(attr.clone()).ok()? {
+					Attribute::BootstrapMethods(index) => Some(index),
+					_ => None,
+				}
+			});
+
 		RuntimeClass {
 			constant_pool,
 			access_flags,
@@ -386,6 +411,7 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 			component_type: None,
 			source_file,
 			mirror_in_progress: Default::default(),
+			bootstrap_attribute,
 		}
 	}
 	// pub fn get_or_create_array_class(class_name: &str) -> RuntimeClass {
@@ -440,6 +466,7 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 			super_interfaces: vec![cloneable, serializable],
 			component_type: Some(component), // new field
 			source_file: None,
+			bootstrap_attribute: None,
 		};
 		let klass = Arc::new(klass);
 		self.classes.insert((name.to_string(), None), klass.clone());
@@ -472,6 +499,7 @@ impl ClassLoader {
 			super_interfaces: vec![],
 			component_type: None,
 			source_file: None,
+			bootstrap_attribute: None,
 		});
 
 		self.classes.insert((name.to_string(), None), klass.clone());

crates/core/src/frame/frame.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
-use crate::attributes::{CodeAttribute, LineNumberTableEntry};
 use crate::class::RuntimeClass;
-use crate::class_file::constant_pool::{ConstantPoolExt, ConstantPoolGet};
+use crate::class_file::attributes::{CodeAttribute, LineNumberTableEntry};
+use crate::class_file::constant_pool::{ConstantPoolError, ConstantPoolExt, ConstantPoolGet};
 use crate::class_file::{Bytecode, ConstantPoolEntry, MethodRef};
 use crate::error::{StackTraceElement, VmError};
 use crate::instructions::{Ops, WideData};
 use crate::objects::ReferenceKind;
 use crate::objects::array::ArrayReference;
 use crate::prim::*;
-use crate::value::{LocalVariables, OperandStack, Primitive, Value};
+use crate::value::{Primitive, Value};
 use crate::vm::Vm;
 use crate::{
-	BaseType, FieldType, VmThread, array_store, array_store_cast, binary_op, convert_float_to_int,
-	convert_int_narrow, convert_simple, error, float_cmp, if_int_cmp, if_int_zero, int_div_rem,
-	load, shift_op, store, unary_op,
+	BaseType, FieldType, MethodDescriptor, VmThread, array_store, array_store_cast, binary_op,
+	convert_float_to_int, convert_int_narrow, convert_simple, float_cmp, if_int_cmp, if_int_zero,
+	int_div_rem, load, shift_op, store, unary_op,
 };
+
 use deku::DekuContainerRead;
-use log::{info, trace, warn};
+use log::{trace, warn};
+
+use crate::frame::local_vars::LocalVariables;
+use crate::frame::operand_stack::OperandStack;
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -95,10 +99,7 @@ impl Frame {
 		table
 			.iter()
 			.rev()
-			.find(|entry| {
-				entry.start_pc as i64 <= self.pc
-				// (*start_pc as i64) <= self.pc)
-			})
+			.find(|entry| entry.start_pc as i64 <= self.pc)
 			.map(|entry| entry.line_number)
 	}
 
@@ -144,9 +145,9 @@ impl Frame {
 				Ok(ExecutionResult::Return(())) => return Ok(None),
 				Ok(ExecutionResult::ReturnValue(val)) => return Ok(Some(val)),
 				Ok(ExecutionResult::Advance(offset)) => {
-					info!("pre offset: {}", self.pc);
+					trace!("pre offset: {}", self.pc);
 					self.pc += offset as i64;
-					info!("post offset: {}", self.pc);
+					trace!("post offset: {}", self.pc);
 				}
 				Ok(_) => self.pc += 1,
 				Err(x) => {
@@ -178,12 +179,13 @@ impl Frame {
 		self.bytecode
 			.code
 			.iter()
-			.find(|(offset, op)| *offset as i64 >= self.pc)
+			.find(|(offset, _op)| *offset as i64 >= self.pc)
 			.map(|op| op.clone())
 	}
 }
 
-enum ExecutionResult {
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum ExecutionResult {
 	Continue,
 	Advance(i32),
 	Return(()),
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ impl Frame {
 	fn pop(&mut self) -> Result<Value, VmError> {
 		self.stack.pop()
 	}
-	fn execute_instruction(&mut self, op: Ops) -> Result<ExecutionResult, VmError> {
+	pub(crate) fn execute_instruction(&mut self, op: Ops) -> Result<ExecutionResult, VmError> {
 		match op {
 			Ops::nop => {
 				// TODO Should nop have any side effects?
@@ -290,8 +292,6 @@ impl Frame {
 				};
 				if let Some(x) = resolved {
 					self.stack.push(x);
-					// on second thoughts, i dont think that's right
-					// self.stack.push(Value::Reference(None));
 				};
 				Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)
 			}
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ impl Frame {
 			Ops::fastore => array_store!(self, Float, Float),
 			Ops::dastore => array_store!(self, Double, Double),
 			Ops::aastore => {
-				let Value::Reference((value)) = self.pop()? else {
+				let Value::Reference(value) = self.pop()? else {
 					panic!("Value on stack was not ref")
 				};
 				let Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(index)) = self.pop()? else {
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ impl Frame {
 				let x: i32 = match self.pop()? {
 					Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(v)) => v,
 					Value::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(v)) => {
-						if v {
+						if v == 1u8 {
 							1
 						} else {
 							0
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ impl Frame {
 
 				match &self.method_ref.desc.return_type {
 					Some(FieldType::Base(base_type)) => match base_type {
-						BaseType::Boolean => Ok(ExecutionResult::ReturnValue((x != 0).into())),
+						BaseType::Boolean => Ok(ExecutionResult::ReturnValue((x as u8).into())),
 						BaseType::Byte => Ok(ExecutionResult::ReturnValue((x as i8).into())),
 						BaseType::Char => Ok(ExecutionResult::ReturnValue((x as u16).into())),
 						BaseType::Short => Ok(ExecutionResult::ReturnValue((x as i16).into())),
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ impl Frame {
 				let args = self.stack.pop_n(args_count)?;
 				let refe = args
 					.first()
-					.expect("Must have reciever")
+					.expect("Must have receiver")
 					.as_ref_kind()
 					.expect("Must be ref");
 				let class = refe.class();
@@ -1193,8 +1193,104 @@ impl Frame {
 				Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)
 			}
 
-			Ops::invokedynamic(_, _) => {
-				todo!("invokeDynamic")
+			Ops::invokedynamic(index, _b) => {
+				debug_assert_eq!(_b, 0u16);
+
+				// Check if already resolved (you'll want to cache this)
+				// For now, let's just resolve it every time
+
+				let dyninfo = self.pool.get_invoke_dynamic_info(index)?;
+				let bootstrap_attr = self.class.bootstrap_attribute.as_ref().unwrap();
+				let bsm =
+					&bootstrap_attr.bootstrap_methods[dyninfo.bootstrap_method_attr_index as usize];
+
+				let name_and_type = self
+					.pool
+					.get_name_and_type_info(dyninfo.name_and_type_index)?;
+				let call_site_name = self.pool.get_string(name_and_type.name_index)?;
+				let call_site_desc = self.pool.get_string(name_and_type.descriptor_index)?;
+				let call_site_method_type = MethodDescriptor::parse(&call_site_desc)
+					.map_err(ConstantPoolError::DescriptorParseError)?;
+
+				// The bootstrap method handle reference
+				let bsm_handle = self.pool.get_method_handle_info(bsm.bootstrap_method_ref)?;
+				let kind = bsm_handle.reference_kind;
+				let heck = self.pool.resolve_method_ref(bsm_handle.reference_index)?;
+				println!("Bootstrap method handle: kind={:?}, ref={:?}", kind, heck);
+				// Resolve static arguments from constant pool
+				let static_args: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
+				for arg_index in &bsm.bootstrap_arguments {
+					let info = self.pool.get_string_info(*arg_index)?;
+					let string = self.pool.get_string(info.string_index)?;
+					println!("{}", string);
+					// 	static_args.push(arg);
+				}
+
+				let class_objects = call_site_method_type
+					.parameters
+					.iter()
+					.map(|param| {
+						let name = param.as_class_name();
+						let klass = self.thread.get_class(&name)?;
+						let obj = self.thread.gc.read().get(*klass.mirror.get().unwrap());
+						Ok(Some(obj))
+					})
+					.collect::<Result<Vec<Option<ReferenceKind>>, VmError>>()?;
+				let class_array_class = self.thread.get_class("[Ljava/lang/Class;")?;
+
+				let ptypes = self
+					.thread
+					.gc
+					.write()
+					.new_object_array_from(class_array_class, class_objects.into_boxed_slice());
+				let pval: Value = ptypes.clone().into();
+
+				println!("==================");
+				println!("{}", pval);
+				println!("==================");
+				let return_type = call_site_method_type.return_type.unwrap();
+				let ret = return_type.as_class_name();
+				let ret_klass = self.thread.get_class(&ret)?;
+				let rtype = self.thread.gc.read().get(*ret_klass.mirror.get().unwrap());
+				let mt_cn_ref = MethodRef {
+					class: "java/lang/invoke/MethodType".to_string(),
+					name: "methodType".to_string(),
+					desc: MethodDescriptor::method_type(),
+				};
+
+				let mt = self
+					.thread
+					.invoke(mt_cn_ref, vec![rtype.into(), ptypes.into()])?
+					.unwrap();
+
+				// Pop runtime arguments from stack (based on call site descriptor)
+				let runtime_arg_count = call_site_method_type.parameters.len();
+				let runtime_args = self.stack.pop_n(runtime_arg_count)?;
+
+				// Now we need to:
+				// 1. Create a MethodHandles.Lookup for current class ---
+				// 2. Create a MethodType from call_site_desc
+				// 3. Invoke the bootstrap method with (Lookup, String name, MethodType, ...static_args)
+				// 4. Get back a CallSite
+				// 5. Extract the MethodHandle from CallSite.getTarget()
+				// 6. Invoke that MethodHandle with runtime_args
+
+				//wait i think i can just call jvm methods here
+				let mhc = self.thread.get_class("java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles")?;
+				let refe = MethodRef {
+					class: "java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles".to_string(),
+					name: "lookup".to_string(),
+					desc: MethodDescriptor::lookup(),
+				};
+
+				let lookup = self.thread.invoke(refe, Vec::new())?.unwrap();
+				// Full implementation requires MethodHandle invocation support
+				println!("{}", lookup);
+				todo!(
+					// "Full invokedynamic - bootstrap: {}::{}",
+					// bsm_handle.class_name,
+					// bsm_handle.method_name
+				)
 			}
 
 			// can init class
@@ -1216,11 +1312,11 @@ impl Frame {
 				let Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(count)) = value else {
 					panic!("stack item was not int")
 				};
-				let array = self.thread.gc.write().new_primitive_array(
-					array_class,
-					array_type.clone(),
-					count,
-				);
+				let array = self
+					.thread
+					.gc
+					.write()
+					.new_primitive_array(array_class, count);
 				self.stack
 					.push(Value::Reference(Some(ReferenceKind::ArrayReference(array))));
 				Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)
@@ -1246,7 +1342,7 @@ impl Frame {
 				Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)
 			}
 			Ops::arraylength => {
-				let Value::Reference(Some(ReferenceKind::ArrayReference((array)))) =
+				let Value::Reference(Some(ReferenceKind::ArrayReference(array))) =
 					self.stack.pop().expect("value on stack")
 				else {
 					panic!("Reference not on stack or not an array")
@@ -1488,3 +1584,314 @@ impl Frame {
 		Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)
 	}
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use super::*;
+	use crate::class::{InitState, RuntimeClass};
+	use crate::class_file::ClassFlags;
+	use crate::class_file::class_file::Bytecode;
+	use crate::vm::Vm;
+	use deku::DekuContainerRead;
+	use parking_lot::Mutex;
+	use std::sync::OnceLock;
+	use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
+
+	/// Create an empty Bytecode for testing using deku deserialization
+	fn empty_bytecode() -> Bytecode {
+		// Format: 4 bytes for length (u32 big endian) = 0, then no bytecode
+		let bytes: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+		let (_rest, bytecode) = Bytecode::from_bytes((&bytes, 0)).unwrap();
+		bytecode
+	}
+
+	/// Creates a minimal RuntimeClass for testing
+	fn test_class() -> Arc<RuntimeClass> {
+		Arc::new(RuntimeClass {
+			constant_pool: Arc::new(vec![]),
+			access_flags: ClassFlags::from(0u16),
+			this_class: "TestClass".to_string(),
+			super_class: None,
+			interfaces: vec![],
+			fields: vec![],
+			methods: vec![],
+			mirror: OnceLock::new(),
+			mirror_in_progress: AtomicBool::new(false),
+			init_state: Mutex::new(InitState::Initialized),
+			super_classes: vec![],
+			super_interfaces: vec![],
+			component_type: None,
+			source_file: None,
+			bootstrap_attribute: None,
+		})
+	}
+
+	/// Creates a minimal MethodRef for testing
+	fn test_method_ref() -> MethodRef {
+		MethodRef {
+			class: "TestClass".to_string(),
+			name: "testMethod".to_string(),
+			desc: MethodDescriptor {
+				parameters: vec![],
+				return_type: Some(FieldType::Base(BaseType::Int)),
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// Builder for creating test frames with controlled state
+	struct TestFrame {
+		vm: Arc<Vm>,
+		stack: Vec<Value>,
+		locals: Vec<Value>,
+		max_locals: usize,
+	}
+
+	impl TestFrame {
+		fn new() -> Self {
+			Self {
+				vm: Vm::new_for_test(),
+				stack: vec![],
+				locals: vec![],
+				max_locals: 10,
+			}
+		}
+
+		fn with_stack(mut self, stack: Vec<Value>) -> Self {
+			self.stack = stack;
+			self
+		}
+
+		fn with_locals(mut self, locals: Vec<Value>, max: usize) -> Self {
+			self.locals = locals;
+			self.max_locals = max;
+			self
+		}
+
+		fn build(self) -> Frame {
+			let class = test_class();
+			let thread = VmThread::current(&self.vm);
+
+			let mut stack = OperandStack::with_capacity(100);
+			for val in self.stack {
+				stack.push(val);
+			}
+
+			Frame {
+				pc: 0,
+				stack,
+				vars: LocalVariables::from_args(self.locals, self.max_locals),
+				pool: Arc::new(vec![]),
+				bytecode: empty_bytecode(),
+				thread,
+				method_ref: test_method_ref(),
+				class,
+				line_number_table: None,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Helper to extract int from stack top
+	fn pop_int(frame: &mut Frame) -> i32 {
+		match frame.pop().unwrap() {
+			Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(i)) => i,
+			other => panic!("Expected int, got {:?}", other),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn pop_long(frame: &mut Frame) -> i64 {
+		match frame.pop().unwrap() {
+			Value::Primitive(Primitive::Long(l)) => l,
+			other => panic!("Expected long, got {:?}", other),
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ==================== Constant Tests ====================
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_iconst_0() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::iconst_0);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 0);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_iconst_m1() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::iconst_m1);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), -1);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_bipush() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::bipush(42));
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 42);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_sipush() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::sipush(1000));
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 1000);
+	}
+
+	// ==================== Arithmetic Tests ====================
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_iadd() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![10i32.into(), 20i32.into()])
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::iadd);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 30);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_isub() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![50i32.into(), 20i32.into()])
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::isub);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 30);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_imul() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![6i32.into(), 7i32.into()])
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::imul);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 42);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_idiv() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![100i32.into(), 10i32.into()])
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::idiv);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 10);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_ineg() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().with_stack(vec![42i32.into()]).build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::ineg);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), -42);
+	}
+
+	// ==================== Stack Manipulation Tests ====================
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_dup() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().with_stack(vec![42i32.into()]).build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::dup);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 42);
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 42);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_swap() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![1i32.into(), 2i32.into()])
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::swap);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 1);
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 2);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_pop() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![1i32.into(), 2i32.into()])
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::pop);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 1); // only 1 should remain
+	}
+
+	// ==================== Load/Store Tests ====================
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_iload_0() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().with_locals(vec![99i32.into()], 4).build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::iload_0);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 99);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_istore_0() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![42i32.into()])
+			.with_locals(vec![0i32.into()], 4)
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::istore_0);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		// Load it back to verify
+		let _ = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::iload_0);
+		assert_eq!(pop_int(&mut frame), 42);
+	}
+
+	// ==================== Comparison/Branch Tests ====================
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_ifeq_taken() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().with_stack(vec![0i32.into()]).build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::ifeq(10));
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Advance(10))));
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_ifeq_not_taken() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().with_stack(vec![5i32.into()]).build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::ifeq(10));
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_if_icmpeq_taken() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new()
+			.with_stack(vec![5i32.into(), 5i32.into()])
+			.build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::if_icmpeq(20));
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Advance(20))));
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_goto() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::goto(100));
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Advance(100))));
+	}
+
+	// ==================== Conversion Tests ====================
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_i2l() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().with_stack(vec![42i32.into()]).build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::i2l);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Continue)));
+		assert_eq!(pop_long(&mut frame), 42i64);
+	}
+
+	// ==================== Return Tests ====================
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_return_void() {
+		let mut frame = TestFrame::new().build();
+		let result = frame.execute_instruction(Ops::return_void);
+		assert!(matches!(result, Ok(ExecutionResult::Return(()))));
+	}
+}

crates/core/src/frame/local_vars.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use crate::value::Value;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub struct LocalVariables {
+	inner: Vec<Value>,
+}
+
+impl LocalVariables {
+	pub fn with_capacity(max_locals: usize) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			inner: vec![Value::NULL; max_locals],
+		}
+	}
+	pub fn from_args(args: Vec<Value>, max_locals: usize) -> Self {
+		let mut locals = Self::with_capacity(max_locals);
+		let mut idx = 0;
+		for arg in args {
+			locals.set(idx, arg.clone());
+			idx += if arg.is_wide() { 2 } else { 1 };
+		}
+		locals
+	}
+
+	pub fn set(&mut self, index: usize, value: Value) {
+		let idx = index;
+		let is_wide = value.is_wide();
+		self.inner[idx] = value;
+		if is_wide {
+			self.inner[idx + 1] = Value::Padding;
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn get(&self, index: usize) -> &Value {
+		let val = &self.inner[index];
+		if matches!(val, Value::Padding) {
+			panic!(
+				"Attempted to read padding slot at index {} (second half of wide value at {})",
+				index,
+				index - 1
+			);
+		}
+		val
+	}
+
+	pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Value> {
+		self.inner.iter().filter(|v| !matches!(v, Value::Padding))
+	}
+
+	pub fn slots(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u16, &Value)> {
+		self.inner
+			.iter()
+			.enumerate()
+			.filter(|(_, v)| !matches!(v, Value::Padding))
+			.map(|(i, v)| (i as u16, v))
+	}
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for LocalVariables {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+		f.debug_list()
+			.entries(self.slots().map(|(i, v)| format!("[{}]: {:?}", i, v)))
+			.finish()
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use super::*;
+	use crate::value::Primitive;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn set_get_basic() {
+		let mut vars = LocalVariables::with_capacity(4);
+		vars.set(0, 42i32.into());
+		let val = vars.get(0);
+		assert!(matches!(val, Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(42))));
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn wide_value_sets_padding() {
+		let mut vars = LocalVariables::with_capacity(4);
+		vars.set(0, 100i64.into()); // long is wide
+
+		// Verify the long is at slot 0
+		assert!(matches!(vars.get(0), Value::Primitive(Primitive::Long(100))));
+
+		// Slot 1 should be padding - accessing it will panic (tested separately)
+		// But we can verify slot 2 is still accessible (as NULL)
+		assert!(matches!(vars.get(2), Value::Reference(None)));
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	#[should_panic(expected = "padding slot")]
+	fn get_padding_slot_panics() {
+		let mut vars = LocalVariables::with_capacity(4);
+		vars.set(0, 100i64.into()); // Sets padding at index 1
+		let _ = vars.get(1); // Should panic
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn from_args_spaces_wide_values() {
+		// Args: int, long, int -> should be at indices 0, 1, 3
+		let args = vec![
+			Value::from(1i32),
+			Value::from(2i64), // wide, takes slots 1-2
+			Value::from(3i32),
+		];
+		let vars = LocalVariables::from_args(args, 5);
+
+		let slots: Vec<_> = vars.slots().collect();
+		assert_eq!(slots[0].0, 0); // first int at 0
+		assert_eq!(slots[1].0, 1); // long at 1
+		assert_eq!(slots[2].0, 3); // second int at 3 (skipped 2 for padding)
+	}
+}

crates/core/src/frame/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod frame;
+mod local_vars;
+mod operand_stack;
+
+pub use frame::*;

crates/core/src/frame/operand_stack.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+use crate::error::VmError;
+use crate::value::Value;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub struct OperandStack(Vec<Value>);
+
+impl OperandStack {
+	pub fn new() -> Self {
+		Self(Vec::new())
+	}
+	pub fn with_capacity(max_stack: usize) -> Self {
+		let backing = Vec::with_capacity(max_stack);
+		Self { 0: backing }
+	}
+
+	pub fn push(&mut self, value: Value) {
+		self.0.push(value);
+	}
+
+	pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Result<Value, VmError> {
+		self.0
+			.pop()
+			.ok_or_else(|| VmError::StackError("Stack underflow".to_string()))
+	}
+
+	pub fn peek(&self) -> Result<&Value, VmError> {
+		self.0
+			.last()
+			.ok_or_else(|| VmError::StackError("Stack underflow on peek".to_string()))
+	}
+
+	pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+		self.0.len()
+	}
+
+	pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+		self.0.is_empty()
+	}
+
+	/// Pop n values, returned in the order they were pushed (not pop order)
+	pub fn pop_n(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<Vec<Value>, VmError> {
+		let start = self
+			.0
+			.len()
+			.checked_sub(n)
+			.ok_or_else(|| VmError::StackError("Stack underflow on pop_n".to_string()))?;
+		Ok(self.0.drain(start..).collect())
+	}
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for OperandStack {
+	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+		f.debug_list().entries(self.0.iter()).finish()
+	}
+}
+
+impl OperandStack {
+	pub fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, Value> {
+		self.into_iter()
+	}
+}
+
+impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a OperandStack {
+	type Item = &'a Value;
+	type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'a, Value>;
+
+	fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+		self.0.iter()
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use super::*;
+	use crate::value::Primitive;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn push_pop_basic() {
+		let mut stack = OperandStack::new();
+		stack.push(42i32.into());
+		let val = stack.pop().unwrap();
+		assert!(matches!(val, Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(42))));
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn pop_empty_returns_error() {
+		let mut stack = OperandStack::new();
+		assert!(stack.pop().is_err());
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn peek_does_not_remove() {
+		let mut stack = OperandStack::new();
+		stack.push(1i32.into());
+		let _ = stack.peek().unwrap();
+		assert_eq!(stack.len(), 1);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn pop_n_returns_push_order() {
+		let mut stack = OperandStack::new();
+		stack.push(1i32.into());
+		stack.push(2i32.into());
+		stack.push(3i32.into());
+
+		let values = stack.pop_n(2).unwrap();
+		// Should get [2, 3] not [3, 2]
+		assert!(matches!(values[0], Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(2))));
+		assert!(matches!(values[1], Value::Primitive(Primitive::Int(3))));
+		assert_eq!(stack.len(), 1);
+	}
+
+	#[test]
+	fn pop_n_underflow_returns_error() {
+		let mut stack = OperandStack::new();
+		stack.push(1i32.into());
+		assert!(stack.pop_n(5).is_err());
+	}
+}

crates/core/src/instructions.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::attributes::{ArrayType, LookupSwitchData, TableSwitchData};
+use crate::class_file::attributes::{ArrayType, LookupSwitchData, TableSwitchData};
 use deku_derive::DekuRead;
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 

crates/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -16,22 +16,15 @@
 //! - [`FieldType`] - Field type information
 
 use crate::class_file::MethodRef;
-use crate::class_file::constant_pool::ConstantPoolExt;
-use crate::class_file::constant_pool::ConstantPoolGet;
 pub use crate::thread::VmThread;
-use deku::DekuContainerRead;
 use deku_derive::{DekuRead, DekuWrite};
-use frame::Frame;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use log::error;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
-use std::io::Read;
-use std::ops::{BitAnd, Deref};
+use std::str::FromStr;
 use value::Value;
 
-mod attributes;
 mod bimage;
 mod class;
 pub mod class_file;
@@ -99,6 +92,23 @@ pub enum BaseType {
 	Boolean,
 }
 
+impl FromStr for BaseType {
+	type Err = String;
+
+	fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+		match s {
+			"byte" => Ok(Self::Byte),
+			"char" => Ok(Self::Char),
+			"double" => Ok(Self::Double),
+			"float" => Ok(Self::Float),
+			"int" => Ok(Self::Int),
+			"long" => Ok(Self::Long),
+			"short" => Ok(Self::Short),
+			"boolean" => Ok(Self::Boolean),
+			s => Err(format!("Invalid primitive type name: {s}")),
+		}
+	}
+}
 impl From<char> for BaseType {
 	fn from(value: char) -> Self {
 		match value {
@@ -136,9 +146,21 @@ impl MethodDescriptor {
 			return_type: None,
 		}
 	}
-	pub fn psvm() -> Self {
+	pub fn method_type() -> Self {
+		MethodDescriptor::parse(
+			"(Ljava/lang/Class;[Ljava/lang/Class;)Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;",
+		)
+		.unwrap()
+	}
+	pub fn lookup() -> Self {
+		MethodDescriptor::parse("()Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;").unwrap()
+	}
+	pub fn psvmsa() -> Self {
 		MethodDescriptor::parse("([Ljava/lang/String;)V").unwrap()
 	}
+	pub fn psvm() -> Self {
+		MethodDescriptor::parse("()V").unwrap()
+	}
 
 	pub fn param_string(&self) -> String {
 		self.parameters.iter().join("")
@@ -211,6 +233,12 @@ pub enum FieldType {
 	ArrayType(Box<FieldType>),
 }
 
+impl FieldType {
+	pub fn bool() -> Self {
+		Self::Base(BaseType::Boolean)
+	}
+}
+
 impl FieldType {
 	pub fn default_value(&self) -> Value {
 		match self {

crates/core/src/macros.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-use crate::class_file::constant_pool::ConstantPoolError;
-use crate::value::Value;
-
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! store {
 	($self:expr, l, $index:expr) => {{

crates/core/src/main.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use colored::Colorize;
 use libloading::Library;
-use log::{LevelFilter, error};
+use log::{LevelFilter, error, info};
 use roast_vm_core::error::VmError;
 use roast_vm_core::vm::{LIB_RESOLVE_COUNTS, Vm};
 use roast_vm_core::{get_last_native, stack_used};
@@ -17,21 +17,21 @@ fn main() {
 }
 
 fn run() {
-	// env_logger::Builder::from_default_env()
-	// 	.filter_level(LevelFilter::Trace)
-	// 	.filter_module("deku", LevelFilter::Warn)
-	// 	.filter_module("roast_vm_core::class_file::class_file", LevelFilter::Info)
-	// 	.filter_module("roast_vm_core::attributes", LevelFilter::Info)
-	// 	.filter_module("roast_vm_core::instructions", LevelFilter::Info)
-	// 	.init();
+	env_logger::Builder::from_default_env()
+		.filter_level(LevelFilter::Trace)
+		.filter_module("deku", LevelFilter::Warn)
+		.filter_module("roast_vm_core::class_file::class_file", LevelFilter::Info)
+		.filter_module("roast_vm_core::class_file::attributes", LevelFilter::Info)
+		.filter_module("roast_vm_core::instructions", LevelFilter::Info)
+		.init();
 	stack_used();
-	let mut vm = Vm::new();
+	let vm = Vm::new();
 	fetch_libs(&vm);
 	let start = Instant::now();
 	install_crash_handler();
-	match vm.run("org/example/Main") {
+	match vm.run("com/infernap12/Main") {
 		Ok(_) => {
-			println!("took {:?}", start.elapsed());
+			info!("took {:?}", start.elapsed());
 		}
 		Err(VmError::Exception {
 			message,
@@ -124,12 +124,7 @@ fn fetch_libs(vm: &Vm) {
 }
 
 fn load(path: PathBuf) -> Library {
-	let leeb = unsafe { Library::new(&path) }.expect("load dll");
-	Library::from(leeb)
-}
-
-fn linux_load(path: PathBuf) -> Library {
-	let leeb = unsafe { Library::new(&path) }.expect("load dll");
+	let leeb = unsafe { Library::new(&path) }.expect("load lib");
 	Library::from(leeb)
 }
 
@@ -153,11 +148,13 @@ fn format_bytes(bytes: usize) -> String {
 use windows::Win32::Foundation::EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION;
 use windows::Win32::System::Diagnostics::Debug::*;
 unsafe extern "system" fn crash_handler(info: *mut EXCEPTION_POINTERS) -> i32 {
+	unsafe {
 		let record = (*info).ExceptionRecord;
 		if (*record).ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION {
 			eprintln!("ACCESS VIOLATION during native call: {}", get_last_native());
 		}
 		EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH
+	}
 }
 
 // Call once at VM startup:

crates/core/src/native/jni.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(unused_variables)]
+#![allow(unused)]
 #![feature(c_variadic)]
+#![allow(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 use crate::class::RuntimeClass;
 use crate::class_file::{FieldData, FieldRef};
 use crate::objects::array::ArrayReference;
@@ -8,11 +10,10 @@ use crate::prim::jboolean;
 use crate::thread::VmThread;
 use crate::value::{Primitive, Value};
 use crate::{BaseType, FieldType, MethodDescriptor, generate_jni_short_name};
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use jni::sys::*;
 use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jstring};
 use jni::sys::{JNINativeInterface_, jclass, jint, jobject};
-use log::{error, info, trace, warn};
+use log::{debug, info, trace, warn};
 use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, c_char};
 use std::ptr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn get_string_utfchars(
 			_ => return ptr::null(),
 		};
 
-		let mut obj = obj_ref.lock();
+		let obj = obj_ref.lock();
 		let field_ref = FieldRef {
 			class: "java/lang/String".to_string(),
 			name: "value".to_string(),
@@ -362,14 +363,19 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn get_object_class(env: *mut JNIEnv, obj: jobject) -> jc
 
 	let obj_id = obj as u32;
 
-	let ReferenceKind::ObjectReference(obj_ref) = gc.get(obj_id) else {
-		return ptr::null_mut();
-	};
-
+	match gc.get(obj_id) {
+		ReferenceKind::ObjectReference(obj_ref) => {
 			let obj_lock = obj_ref.lock();
 			let class: &Arc<RuntimeClass> = &obj_lock.class;
-
 			*class.mirror.wait() as jclass
+		}
+		ReferenceKind::ArrayReference(arr_ref) => {
+			// Return the Class mirror for the array type
+
+			// however you get the array's class mirror
+			*arr_ref.class().mirror.wait() as jclass
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 unsafe extern "system" fn register_natives(
@@ -402,7 +408,7 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn register_natives(
 		}
 
 		if full_name.contains("Java_java_lang_Class_desiredAssertionStatus0") {
-			warn!("MAJOR HACK, figure out what is wrong with desiredAssertionStatus0");
+			// warn!("MAJOR HACK, figure out what is wrong with desiredAssertionStatus0");
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -430,7 +436,7 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn register_natives(
 			"name:{name}, signature:{signature}, fn_ptr{}",
 			fn_ptr.is_null()
 		);
-		println!("JNI register: {full_name}");
+		debug!("JNI register: {full_name}");
 	}
 	JNI_OK
 }
@@ -1067,7 +1073,32 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn get_object_field(
 	obj: jobject,
 	field_id: jfieldID,
 ) -> jobject {
-	todo!("get_object_field")
+	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
+
+	let field_key = thread
+		.vm
+		.safent
+		.read()
+		.resolve_field(field_id as jlong)
+		.expect("Invalid field ID");
+
+	let object_ref = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(obj as u32)
+		.try_into_object_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	let guard = object_ref.lock();
+	let value = guard.fields.get(&field_key.field_name);
+
+	match value {
+		Some(ref entry) => match entry.value() {
+			Value::Reference(Some(ref_kind)) => ref_kind.id() as jobject,
+			_ => std::ptr::null_mut(),
+		},
+		None => std::ptr::null_mut(),
+	}
 }
 
 unsafe extern "system" fn get_boolean_field(
@@ -1085,8 +1116,8 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn get_boolean_field(
 		desc: FieldType::Base(BaseType::Boolean),
 	};
 	let val = object.lock().get_field(&field_ref);
-	if let Value::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(bool)) = val {
-		if bool { JNI_TRUE } else { JNI_FALSE }
+	if let Value::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(bol)) = val {
+		if bol == 1u8 { JNI_TRUE } else { JNI_FALSE }
 	} else {
 		JNI_FALSE
 	}
@@ -1462,8 +1493,8 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn get_static_boolean_field(
 	let field_ref = &*(field_id as *const FieldData);
 	let field_again = class.find_field(&field_ref.name, &field_ref.desc).unwrap();
 	let val = field_again.value.lock().clone();
-	if let Some(Value::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(bool))) = val {
-		if bool { JNI_TRUE } else { JNI_FALSE }
+	if let Some(Value::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(bol))) = val {
+		if bol == JNI_TRUE { JNI_TRUE } else { JNI_FALSE }
 	} else {
 		JNI_FALSE
 	}
@@ -1717,7 +1748,15 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn release_string_utf_chars(
 }
 
 unsafe extern "system" fn get_array_length(env: *mut JNIEnv, array: jarray) -> jsize {
-	todo!("get_array_length")
+	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
+	let arr = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(array as u32)
+		.try_into_array_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	arr.len() as jsize
 }
 
 unsafe extern "system" fn new_object_array(
@@ -1963,7 +2002,19 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn get_byte_array_region(
 	len: jsize,
 	buf: *mut jbyte,
 ) {
-	todo!("get_byte_array_region")
+	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
+	let arr = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(array as u32)
+		.try_into_array_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	if let ArrayReference::Byte(byte_arr) = arr {
+		let guard = byte_arr.lock();
+		let slice = &guard.backing[start as usize..(start + len) as usize];
+		std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(slice.as_ptr(), buf, len as usize);
+	}
 }
 
 unsafe extern "system" fn get_char_array_region(
@@ -2221,7 +2272,7 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn delete_weak_global_ref(env: *mut JNIEnv, ref_: jweak)
 }
 
 unsafe extern "system" fn exception_check(env: *mut JNIEnv) -> jboolean {
-	warn!("exception_check");
+	trace!("exception_check");
 	JNI_FALSE
 }
 

crates/core/src/native/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 pub mod jni;
-mod native_libraries;
 pub mod r#unsafe;

crates/core/src/native/native_libraries.rs

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-use crate::class_file::ConstantPoolEntry;
-
-use libloading::Library;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-
-// impl NativeExt for NativeLibraries {}
-//
-// trait NativeExt: AsRef<[..]> {
-// 	fn find(&self, name: String) -> () {
-// 		for lib in self.iter() {
-// 			lib
-// 		}
-// 	}
-// }

crates/core/src/objects/object.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use crate::error::VmError;
 use crate::objects::array::{ArrayReference, ObjectArrayReference, PrimitiveArrayReference};
 use crate::prim::{jboolean, jbyte, jchar, jdouble, jfloat, jint, jlong, jshort};
 use crate::value::Value;
-use crate::{BaseType, FieldType};
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use log::trace;
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
@@ -120,8 +119,8 @@ pub type Reference = Option<ReferenceKind>;
 impl Display for ReferenceKind {
 	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
 		let id = match self {
-			ReferenceKind::ObjectReference(x) => {
-				let guard = x.lock();
+			ReferenceKind::ObjectReference(x) => unsafe {
+				let guard = x.make_guard_unchecked();
 				if guard.class.this_class == "java/lang/String"
 					&& let Some(field) = guard.fields.get("value")
 					&& let Value::Reference(Some(ReferenceKind::ArrayReference(
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ impl Display for ReferenceKind {
 				} else {
 					format!("Obj<{}>", guard.class.this_class)
 				}
-			}
+			},
 			ReferenceKind::ArrayReference(ArrayReference::Int(x)) => {
 				let guard = x.lock();
 				let backing = &guard.backing;

crates/core/src/objects/object_manager.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
-use crate::attributes::ArrayType;
 use crate::class::RuntimeClass;
-use crate::class_file::{ClassFlags, MethodData};
+use crate::class_file::ClassFlags;
+use crate::class_file::attributes::ArrayType;
 use crate::error::VmError;
-use crate::objects::array::{
-	Array, ArrayReference, ArrayValue, ObjectArrayReference, PrimitiveArrayReference,
-};
+use crate::objects::array::{Array, ArrayReference};
 use crate::objects::object::{
 	Object, ObjectReference, Reference, ReferenceKind, string_from_bytes,
 };
-use crate::value::{Primitive, Value};
-use crate::{ThreadId, objects, rng};
+use crate::value::Value;
+use crate::{BaseType, ThreadId};
 use dashmap::DashMap;
-use jni::sys::{jboolean, jbyte, jchar, jdouble, jfloat, jint, jlong, jshort};
-use log::warn;
+use jni::sys::{jint, jlong};
 use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -78,41 +75,45 @@ impl ObjectManager {
 		object
 	}
 
-	pub fn new_primitive_array(
-		&mut self,
-		class: Arc<RuntimeClass>,
-		array_type: ArrayType,
-		count: i32,
-	) -> ArrayReference {
+	pub fn new_primitive_array(&mut self, class: Arc<RuntimeClass>, count: i32) -> ArrayReference {
 		let id = self.next_id();
 		assert!(
 			!self.objects.contains_key(&id),
 			"Generated ID already exists!"
 		);
 
+		let symbol = class
+			.this_class
+			.strip_prefix("[")
+			.unwrap()
+			.chars()
+			.next()
+			.unwrap();
+		let array_type = symbol.into();
+
 		let array_ref = match array_type {
-			ArrayType::T_INT => {
+			BaseType::Int => {
 				ArrayReference::Int(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
-			ArrayType::T_BYTE => {
+			BaseType::Byte => {
 				ArrayReference::Byte(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
-			ArrayType::T_SHORT => {
+			BaseType::Short => {
 				ArrayReference::Short(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
-			ArrayType::T_LONG => {
+			BaseType::Long => {
 				ArrayReference::Long(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
-			ArrayType::T_FLOAT => {
+			BaseType::Float => {
 				ArrayReference::Float(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
-			ArrayType::T_DOUBLE => {
+			BaseType::Double => {
 				ArrayReference::Double(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
-			ArrayType::T_CHAR => {
+			BaseType::Char => {
 				ArrayReference::Char(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
-			ArrayType::T_BOOLEAN => {
+			BaseType::Boolean => {
 				ArrayReference::Boolean(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Array::new(id, class, count))))
 			}
 		};
@@ -158,7 +159,6 @@ impl ObjectManager {
 		class: Arc<RuntimeClass>,
 		vector: Box<[i8]>,
 	) -> ArrayReference {
-		warn!("Manual sidechannel byte array creation");
 		let id = self.next_id();
 		assert!(
 			!self.objects.contains_key(&id),
@@ -198,7 +198,6 @@ impl ObjectManager {
 		string_class: Arc<RuntimeClass>,
 		utf8: &str,
 	) -> ObjectReference {
-		warn!("Manual sidechannel string creation: \n\"{}\"", utf8);
 		let key = utf8.to_owned();
 		let jstr = self.new_object(string_class);
 		let byte_vec = utf8
@@ -227,6 +226,9 @@ impl ObjectManager {
 		self.strings.insert(key, id);
 		jstr
 	}
+	pub fn intern_existing_string(&mut self, utf: String, obj_id: u32) -> u32 {
+		*self.strings.entry(utf).or_insert(obj_id)
+	}
 
 	pub fn new_class(
 		&mut self,
@@ -235,8 +237,14 @@ impl ObjectManager {
 		module: Reference,
 		modifiers: ClassFlags,
 		primitive: bool,
+		component_type: Reference,
 	) -> ObjectReference {
-		warn!("Manual sidechannel class creation");
+		let string = self
+			.transmute_string(name.clone().unwrap().try_into_object_reference().unwrap())
+			.unwrap();
+		if string.contains("byte") {
+			println!("!!!!!");
+		}
 		let module = None;
 		let modifiers = 17u16;
 
@@ -249,6 +257,7 @@ impl ObjectManager {
 			clakz.set_field("modifiers", Value::from(modifiers));
 			clakz.set_field("primitive", Value::from(primitive));
 			clakz.set_field("classRedefinedCount", Value::from(class_redefined_count));
+			clakz.set_field("componentType", Value::from(component_type))
 		}
 		clazz
 	}
@@ -639,4 +648,56 @@ impl ObjectManager {
 		}
 		tg_object
 	}
+
+	pub fn new_method_type(
+		&mut self,
+		method_type_class: Arc<RuntimeClass>,
+		class_array_class: Arc<RuntimeClass>,
+		rtype: ReferenceKind,       // Class mirror for return type
+		ptypes: Vec<ReferenceKind>, // Class mirrors for param types
+	) -> ObjectReference {
+		let ptypes_array =
+			self.new_object_array_from(class_array_class, ptypes.into_iter().map(Some).collect());
+		let mt = self.new_object(method_type_class);
+		{
+			let obj = mt.lock();
+			obj.set_field("rtype", Value::from(Some(rtype)));
+			obj.set_field("ptypes", Value::from(ptypes_array));
+		}
+		mt
+	}
+
+	pub fn new_member_name(
+		&mut self,
+		member_name_class: Arc<RuntimeClass>,
+		clazz: ReferenceKind,  // declaring class mirror
+		name: ObjectReference, // method/field name as String
+		method_type: ObjectReference,
+		flags: jint, // REF_invokeStatic, etc encoded
+	) -> ObjectReference {
+		let mn = self.new_object(member_name_class);
+		{
+			let obj = mn.lock();
+			obj.set_field("clazz", Value::from(Some(clazz)));
+			obj.set_field("name", Value::from(name));
+			obj.set_field("type", Value::from(method_type));
+			obj.set_field("flags", Value::from(flags));
+		}
+		mn
+	}
+
+	pub fn new_direct_method_handle(
+		&mut self,
+		dmh_class: Arc<RuntimeClass>,
+		member: ObjectReference,
+		method_type: ObjectReference,
+	) -> ObjectReference {
+		let mh = self.new_object(dmh_class);
+		{
+			let obj = mh.lock();
+			obj.set_field("type", Value::from(method_type));
+			obj.set_field("member", Value::from(member));
+		}
+		mh
+	}
 }

crates/core/src/rng.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#[allow(unused)]
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
 

crates/core/src/thread.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::class::{InitState, RuntimeClass};
-use crate::class_file::{ClassFile, MethodData, MethodRef};
+use crate::class::{ClassRef, InitState, RuntimeClass};
+use crate::class_file::{MethodData, MethodRef};
 use crate::class_loader::{ClassLoader, LoaderRef};
 use crate::error::VmError;
 use crate::frame::Frame;
@@ -10,26 +10,19 @@ use crate::value::{Primitive, Value};
 use crate::vm::Vm;
 use crate::{
 	BaseType, FieldType, MethodDescriptor, ThreadId, generate_jni_method_name, set_last_native,
-	stack_used,
 };
-use deku::DekuError::Incomplete;
-use itertools::Itertools;
 use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jboolean, jbyte, jchar, jdouble, jfloat, jint, jlong, jobject, jshort};
-use libffi::low::call;
 use libffi::middle::*;
-use log::{LevelFilter, info, trace, warn};
+use log::{LevelFilter, debug, trace, warn};
 
-use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex, Once, ReentrantMutex, RwLock};
+use parking_lot::{Condvar, Mutex, Once, RwLock};
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::ops::{Add, Deref};
-use std::ptr::null_mut;
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
 
 use std::thread;
-use std::vec::IntoIter;
 
 static INIT_LOGGER: Once = Once::new();
 type MethodCallResult = Result<Option<Value>, VmError>;
@@ -55,7 +48,7 @@ pub struct VmThread {
 
 impl VmThread {
 	pub fn new(vm: Arc<Vm>, loader: Option<LoaderRef>) -> Arc<Self> {
-		let id = ThreadId(vm.NEXT_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst));
+		let id = ThreadId(vm.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst));
 
 		let loader = loader.unwrap_or(vm.loader.clone());
 		let gc = vm.gc.clone();
@@ -141,7 +134,7 @@ impl VmThread {
 					);
 					return Ok(());
 				}
-				InitState::Initializing(tid) => {
+				InitState::Initializing(_tid) => {
 					// Different thread is initializing - in a real JVM we'd wait
 					// For now, just return an error
 					return Err(VmError::LoaderError(format!(
@@ -203,9 +196,6 @@ impl VmThread {
 
 	pub fn ensure_initialised(&self, class: &Arc<RuntimeClass>) -> Result<(), VmError> {
 		let current_thread = thread::current().id();
-		if class.this_class.contains("Thread") {
-			println!("Yep");
-		}
 
 		{
 			let mut state = class.init_state.lock();
@@ -256,7 +246,7 @@ impl VmThread {
 
 			if let Some(method) = class.methods.iter().find(|m| m.name == "<clinit>") {
 				if class.this_class.contains("Thread") {
-					println!("executing init for: {}", class.this_class);
+					trace!("executing init for: {}", class.this_class);
 				}
 				self.execute_method(class, method, vec![])?;
 			}
@@ -285,12 +275,19 @@ impl VmThread {
 			self.get_class("java/lang/Class")?
 		};
 		let string = self.intern_string(&class.this_class);
+		let component_type = if (class.this_class.starts_with("[")) {
+			let component = self.get_class(class.this_class.strip_prefix("[").unwrap())?;
+			Some(self.gc.read().get(component.mirror()))
+		} else {
+			None
+		};
 		let class_obj = self.gc.write().new_class(
 			class_class,
 			Some(ReferenceKind::ObjectReference(string)),
 			None,
 			class.access_flags,
 			false,
+			component_type,
 		);
 		let id = class_obj.lock().id;
 		class.mirror.set(id).expect("woops, id already set");
@@ -309,7 +306,7 @@ impl VmThread {
 	}
 
 	pub fn invoke(&self, method_reference: MethodRef, args: Vec<Value>) -> MethodCallResult {
-		if self.gc.read().objects.len() > 2387 {
+		if self.gc.read().objects.len() > 2350 {
 			INIT_LOGGER.call_once(|| {
 				env_logger::Builder::from_default_env()
 					.filter_level(LevelFilter::Trace)
@@ -340,19 +337,13 @@ impl VmThread {
 		self.execute_method(&class, &method, args)
 	}
 
-	pub fn invoke_native(&self, method: &MethodRef, mut args: Vec<Value>) -> MethodCallResult {
+	pub fn invoke_native(&self, method: &MethodRef, args: Vec<Value>) -> MethodCallResult {
 		let symbol_name = generate_jni_method_name(method, false);
 
-		if symbol_name.contains("Java_java_lang_Thread_start0") {
-			// return Err(VmError::Debug(
-			// 	"RoastVM specific implementation required for Java_java_lang_Thread_start0",
-			// ));
-			println!()
-		}
-
-		if symbol_name.contains("Java_java_lang_Class_desiredAssertionStatus0") {
-			warn!("MAJOR HACK, figure out what is wrong with desiredAssertionStatus0");
-			return Ok(Some(Value::from(false)));
+		if symbol_name.contains("Java_java_lang_reflect_Array_newArray") {
+			return Err(VmError::Debug(
+				"RoastVM specific implementation required for Java_java_lang_reflect_Array_newArray",
+			));
 		}
 
 		let result = unsafe {
@@ -368,7 +359,7 @@ impl VmThread {
 				)))?;
 			// build pointer to native fn
 			let cp = CodePtr::from_ptr(p);
-
+			println!("invoke native fn: {}", symbol_name);
 			let mut storage = Vec::new();
 			trace!("passing {} to native fn", Value::format_vec(&args));
 			let deq_args = VecDeque::from(args);
@@ -433,7 +424,6 @@ impl VmThread {
 				}
 			}
 		};
-		warn!("Invoke native not final");
 		result
 	}
 	fn execute_method(
@@ -442,8 +432,7 @@ impl VmThread {
 		method: &MethodData,
 		args: Vec<Value>,
 	) -> MethodCallResult {
-		info!("Executing {}", method.name.clone());
-		warn!("Stack used: {}", stack_used());
+		debug!("Executing {}", method.name.clone());
 		let method_ref = MethodRef {
 			class: class.this_class.clone(),
 			name: method.name.clone(),
@@ -501,6 +490,20 @@ impl VmThread {
 	// 		}
 	// 	}
 	// }
+
+	pub fn new_object(
+		&self,
+		class: ClassRef,
+		desc: MethodDescriptor,
+		args: &[Value],
+	) -> Result<ObjectReference, VmError> {
+		let obj = self.gc.write().new_object(class.clone());
+		let method_ref = class.find_method("<init>", &desc)?;
+		let mut args = args.to_vec();
+		args.insert(0, obj.clone().into());
+		let _ = self.invoke(method_ref.into(), args)?;
+		Ok(obj)
+	}
 }
 
 fn build_args<'a>(

crates/core/src/value.rs

@@ -2,13 +2,10 @@ use crate::error::VmError;
 use crate::objects::array::ArrayReference;
 use crate::objects::object::{ObjectReference, ReferenceKind};
 use crate::{BaseType, FieldType};
-use core::fmt;
-use dashmap::DashMap;
-use jni::sys::{jboolean, jbyte, jchar, jdouble, jfloat, jint, jlong, jshort};
+use jni::sys::{JNI_FALSE, JNI_TRUE, jboolean, jbyte, jchar, jdouble, jfloat, jint, jlong, jshort};
 use log::trace;
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 use std::mem::{size_of, size_of_val};
-use std::ops::Deref;
 
 /// A reference-counted, thread-safe pointer to an Object.
 
@@ -25,135 +22,6 @@ pub enum Value {
 	Padding,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
-pub struct OperandStack(Vec<Value>);
-
-impl OperandStack {
-	pub fn new() -> Self {
-		Self(Vec::new())
-	}
-	pub fn with_capacity(max_stack: usize) -> Self {
-		let backing = Vec::with_capacity(max_stack);
-		Self { 0: backing }
-	}
-
-	pub fn push(&mut self, value: Value) {
-		self.0.push(value);
-	}
-
-	pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Result<Value, VmError> {
-		self.0
-			.pop()
-			.ok_or_else(|| VmError::StackError("Stack underflow".to_string()))
-	}
-
-	pub fn peek(&self) -> Result<&Value, VmError> {
-		self.0
-			.last()
-			.ok_or_else(|| VmError::StackError("Stack underflow on peek".to_string()))
-	}
-
-	pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-		self.0.len()
-	}
-
-	pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-		self.0.is_empty()
-	}
-
-	/// Pop n values, returned in the order they were pushed (not pop order)
-	pub fn pop_n(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<Vec<Value>, VmError> {
-		let start = self
-			.0
-			.len()
-			.checked_sub(n)
-			.ok_or_else(|| VmError::StackError("Stack underflow on pop_n".to_string()))?;
-		Ok(self.0.drain(start..).collect())
-	}
-}
-impl std::fmt::Debug for OperandStack {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-		f.debug_list().entries(self.0.iter()).finish()
-	}
-}
-
-impl OperandStack {
-	pub fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, Value> {
-		self.into_iter()
-	}
-}
-
-impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a OperandStack {
-	type Item = &'a Value;
-	type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'a, Value>;
-
-	fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-		self.0.iter()
-	}
-}
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
-pub struct LocalVariables {
-	inner: Vec<Value>,
-}
-
-impl LocalVariables {
-	pub fn with_capacity(max_locals: usize) -> Self {
-		Self {
-			inner: vec![Value::NULL; max_locals],
-		}
-	}
-	pub fn from_args(args: Vec<Value>, max_locals: usize) -> Self {
-		let mut locals = Self::with_capacity(max_locals);
-		let mut idx = 0;
-		for arg in args {
-			locals.set(idx, arg.clone());
-			idx += if arg.is_wide() { 2 } else { 1 };
-		}
-		locals
-	}
-
-	pub fn set(&mut self, index: usize, value: Value) {
-		let idx = index;
-		let is_wide = value.is_wide();
-		self.inner[idx] = value;
-		if is_wide {
-			self.inner[idx + 1] = Value::Padding;
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn get(&self, index: usize) -> &Value {
-		let val = &self.inner[index];
-		if matches!(val, Value::Padding) {
-			panic!(
-				"Attempted to read padding slot at index {} (second half of wide value at {})",
-				index,
-				index - 1
-			);
-		}
-		val
-	}
-
-	pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Value> {
-		self.inner.iter().filter(|v| !matches!(v, Value::Padding))
-	}
-
-	pub fn slots(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u16, &Value)> {
-		self.inner
-			.iter()
-			.enumerate()
-			.filter(|(_, v)| !matches!(v, Value::Padding))
-			.map(|(i, v)| (i as u16, v))
-	}
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for LocalVariables {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-		f.debug_list()
-			.entries(self.slots().map(|(i, v)| format!("[{}]: {:?}", i, v)))
-			.finish()
-	}
-}
-
 impl Value {
 	pub const NULL: Value = Value::Reference(None);
 
@@ -232,6 +100,16 @@ impl Value {
 			))),
 		}
 	}
+
+	pub fn try_into_jboolean(self) -> Result<jboolean, VmError> {
+		match self {
+			Value::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(z)) => Ok(z),
+			_ => Err(VmError::InvariantError(format!(
+				"Expected bool, found {}",
+				self.to_string()
+			))),
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_value_from {
@@ -251,13 +129,13 @@ impl_value_from!(jbyte, Byte);
 impl_value_from!(jshort, Short);
 impl_value_from!(jchar, Char);
 
-impl From<jboolean> for Value {
-	fn from(value: jboolean) -> Self {
-		Self::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(value != 0))
+impl From<bool> for Value {
+	fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
+		Self::Primitive(Primitive::Boolean(if value { JNI_TRUE } else { JNI_FALSE }))
 	}
 }
 
-impl_value_from!(bool, Boolean);
+impl_value_from!(jboolean, Boolean);
 
 impl From<Option<ReferenceKind>> for Value {
 	fn from(value: Option<ReferenceKind>) -> Self {
@@ -284,7 +162,7 @@ impl From<ArrayReference> for Value {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Primitive {
 	/// Boolean value (true/false)
-	Boolean(bool),
+	Boolean(jboolean),
 	/// Unicode character
 	Char(u16),
 	/// 32-bit floating point
@@ -391,31 +269,31 @@ impl PartialEq<FieldType> for Value {
 						}
 					}
 					ReferenceKind::ArrayReference(x) => match x {
-						ArrayReference::Int(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Int(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Int)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Byte(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Byte(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Byte)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Short(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Short(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Short)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Long(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Long(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Long)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Float(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Float(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Float)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Double(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Double(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Double)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Char(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Char(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Char)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Boolean(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Boolean(_x) => {
 							matches!(other, FieldType::ArrayType(inner) if matches!(**inner, FieldType::Base(BaseType::Boolean)))
 						}
-						ArrayReference::Object(x) => {
+						ArrayReference::Object(_x) => {
 							if let FieldType::ArrayType(inner) = other {
 								if let FieldType::ClassType(_) = **inner {
 									true

crates/core/src/vm.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-#[cfg(libloading_docs)]
-use super::os::unix as imp;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 // the implementation used here doesn't matter particularly much...
-#[cfg(all(not(libloading_docs), unix))]
+#[cfg(all(unix))]
 use libloading::os::unix as imp;
-#[cfg(all(not(libloading_docs), windows))]
+#[cfg(all(windows))]
 use libloading::os::windows as imp;
 
 use crate::class_file::{ClassFlags, MethodRef};
@@ -15,13 +12,15 @@ use crate::native::r#unsafe::UnsafeSupport;
 use crate::objects::object::ReferenceKind;
 use crate::objects::object_manager::ObjectManager;
 use crate::thread::VmThread;
+use crate::value::Value;
 use crate::{MethodDescriptor, ThreadId};
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use imp::Library;
-use log::trace;
+use log::{info, trace};
 use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64;
 use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
+use std::time::Instant;
 
 type NativeLibraries = Arc<RwLock<Vec<(String, Library)>>>;
 
@@ -36,12 +35,38 @@ pub struct Vm {
 	pub native_libraries: NativeLibraries,
 	pub gc: Arc<RwLock<ObjectManager>>,
 	pub safent: RwLock<UnsafeSupport>,
-	pub NEXT_ID: AtomicU64,
+	pub next_id: AtomicU64,
 }
 
 impl Vm {
 	// start vm, loading main from classfile
 	pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
+		let vm = Arc::new(Self {
+			threads: DashMap::new(),
+			main_thread_id: ThreadId(0),
+			loader: Arc::new(Mutex::from(ClassLoader::with_bimage())),
+			native_methods: DashMap::new(),
+			native_libraries: Arc::new(RwLock::new(Vec::new())),
+			gc: Default::default(),
+			safent: Default::default(),
+			next_id: AtomicU64::new(0),
+		});
+
+		// Create main thread
+		let thread = VmThread::new(vm.clone(), None);
+		let thread_id = thread.id;
+
+		// Store in VM
+		vm.threads.insert(thread_id, thread.clone());
+
+		// Set as current thread
+		VmThread::set_current(thread_id);
+		vm
+	}
+
+	/// Creates a minimal VM for testing, without loading the boot image
+	#[cfg(test)]
+	pub(crate) fn new_for_test() -> Arc<Self> {
 		let vm = Arc::new(Self {
 			threads: DashMap::new(),
 			main_thread_id: ThreadId(0),
@@ -50,7 +75,7 @@ impl Vm {
 			native_libraries: Arc::new(RwLock::new(Vec::new())),
 			gc: Default::default(),
 			safent: Default::default(),
-			NEXT_ID: AtomicU64::new(0),
+			next_id: AtomicU64::new(0),
 		});
 
 		// Create main thread
@@ -78,7 +103,7 @@ impl Vm {
 		for (lib_name, lib) in self.native_libraries.read().iter() {
 			let res = unsafe { lib.get::<unsafe extern "system" fn()>(name.as_bytes()) };
 			if res.is_ok() {
-				println!(
+				trace!(
 					"Register native for native symbol: {} out of: {}",
 					&name, lib_name
 				);
@@ -127,7 +152,7 @@ impl Vm {
 		for prim in prims {
 			let klass = self.loader.lock().primitive_class(prim.0);
 
-			let class_class = thread.get_class("java/lang/Class")?;
+			let class_class = thread.loader.lock().get_or_load("java/lang/Class", None)?;
 			let name_obj = thread.intern_string(&prim.0);
 			let flags = ClassFlags::from(1041u16);
 			let class_obj = self.gc.write().new_class(
@@ -136,8 +161,9 @@ impl Vm {
 				None,
 				flags,
 				true,
+				None,
 			);
-			klass.mirror.set(class_obj.lock().id).unwrap();
+			// klass.mirror.set(class_obj.lock().id).unwrap();
 
 			let prim_array_klass = self.loader.lock().create_array_class(klass.clone());
 			let arr_name_obj = thread.intern_string(&prim_array_klass.this_class);
@@ -147,6 +173,7 @@ impl Vm {
 				None,
 				flags,
 				false,
+				Some(ReferenceKind::ObjectReference(class_obj)),
 			);
 			prim_array_klass
 				.mirror
@@ -175,7 +202,11 @@ impl Vm {
 	}
 
 	pub fn run(&self, what: &str) -> Result<(), VmError> {
+		let start = Instant::now();
 		self.boot_strap()?;
+		info!("Bootstrap completed in {:?}", start.elapsed());
+		let lt = self.loader.lock().access_time();
+		info!("Module load time: {:?}", lt);
 		// Get main thread from DashMap
 		let thread = self.threads.get(&self.main_thread_id).unwrap().clone();
 		thread.invoke_main(what)

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/CDS.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::get_thread;
-use jni::sys::{jclass, jint, JNIEnv};
+use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jclass, jint};
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_CDS_getCDSConfigStatus(

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/class.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{get_thread, resolve_object};
-use jni::sys::{JNI_TRUE, jboolean, jclass, jobject};
+use jni::sys::{JNI_FALSE, JNI_TRUE, jboolean, jclass, jobject};
 use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jint};
 use jni::sys::{jobjectArray, jstring};
 use log::trace;
 use roast_vm_core::class_file::FieldRef;
+use roast_vm_core::objects::ReferenceKind;
 use roast_vm_core::objects::array::ArrayReference;
-use roast_vm_core::objects::{Reference, ReferenceKind};
 use roast_vm_core::value::Value;
 use roast_vm_core::{BaseType, FieldType};
 use std::ptr;
@@ -19,40 +19,13 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_Class_getPrimitiveClass<'local>(
 	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
 
 	let rust_string = {
-		let gc = thread.gc.read();
-
 		let obj_id = name as u32;
-
-		let obj_ref = match gc.get(obj_id) {
+		let obj_ref = match thread.gc.read().get(obj_id) {
 			ReferenceKind::ObjectReference(obj) => obj,
 			_ => return 0 as jclass,
 		};
 
-		let obj = obj_ref.lock();
-		let field_ref = FieldRef {
-			class: "java/lang/String".to_string(),
-			name: "value".to_string(),
-			desc: FieldType::ArrayType(Box::new(FieldType::Base(BaseType::Byte))),
-		};
-		let value_field = obj.get_field(&field_ref);
-		let Value::Reference(Some(ReferenceKind::ArrayReference(ArrayReference::Byte(byte_array)))) =
-			value_field
-		else {
-			return 0 as jclass;
-		};
-
-		let array = byte_array.lock();
-
-		let bytes: Vec<u8> = (&array).iter().map(|&b| b as u8).collect();
-
-		let mut utf16_chars = Vec::new();
-		for chunk in bytes.chunks_exact(2) {
-			let code_unit = u16::from_le_bytes([chunk[0], chunk[1]]);
-			utf16_chars.push(code_unit);
-		}
-
-		String::from_utf16_lossy(&utf16_chars)
-		// All locks dropped here at end of block
+		thread.gc.write().transmute_string(obj_ref).unwrap()
 	};
 
 	let klass = thread.get_class(&rust_string).unwrap();
@@ -66,8 +39,8 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_Class_forName0(
 	_class: jclass,
 	name: jstring,
 	initialize: jboolean,
-	loader: jobject,
-	caller: jclass,
+	_loader: jobject,
+	_caller: jclass,
 ) -> jclass {
 	trace!("Java_java_lang_Class_forName0");
 	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
@@ -152,3 +125,12 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_Class_getDeclaredConstructors0(
 
 	output.id() as jobjectArray
 }
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_Class_desiredAssertionStatus0(
+	_env: *mut JNIEnv,
+	_class: jclass,
+	_this: jclass,
+) -> jboolean {
+	JNI_FALSE
+}

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/file_output_stream.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use crate::get_thread;
+use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jboolean, jbyteArray, jint, jobject};
+use roast_vm_core::objects::array::ArrayReference;
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_io_FileOutputStream_writeBytes(
+	env: *mut JNIEnv,
+	this: jobject,
+	bytes: jbyteArray,
+	off: jint,
+	len: jint,
+	append: jboolean,
+) {
+	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
+
+	// Get the FileOutputStream's fd field (FileDescriptor)
+	let fos = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(this as u32)
+		.try_into_object_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	let fd_obj_id = {
+		let guard = fos.lock();
+		guard
+			.fields
+			.get("fd")
+			.and_then(|v| v.value().as_ref_kind().ok())
+			.map(|r| r.id())
+			.expect("FileOutputStream must have fd")
+	};
+
+	// Get the actual fd int from FileDescriptor
+	let fd_obj = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(fd_obj_id)
+		.try_into_object_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	let fd = {
+		let guard = fd_obj.lock();
+		guard
+			.fields
+			.get("fd")
+			.map(|v| v.value().clone().try_into_jint().unwrap())
+			.expect("FileDescriptor must have fd")
+	};
+
+	// Get the byte array
+	let arr = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(bytes as u32)
+		.try_into_array_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	if let ArrayReference::Byte(byte_arr) = arr {
+		let guard = byte_arr.lock();
+		let slice = &guard.backing[off as usize..(off + len) as usize];
+		let slice = slice.iter().map(|e| *e as u8).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+		if fd == 1 {
+			use std::io::Write;
+			std::io::stdout().write_all(&slice).ok();
+		} else if fd == 2 {
+			use std::io::Write;
+			std::io::stderr().write_all(&slice).ok();
+		}
+
+		// Write to file descriptor
+		#[cfg(windows)]
+		{
+			use std::io::Write;
+			use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
+
+			let handle = fd as *mut std::ffi::c_void;
+			let mut file = std::fs::File::from_raw_handle(handle);
+			file.write_all(std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+				slice.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+				slice.len(),
+			))
+			.ok();
+			std::mem::forget(file); // Don't close the handle
+		}
+
+		#[cfg(unix)]
+		{
+			use std::io::Write;
+			use std::os::unix::io::FromRawFd;
+
+			let mut file = std::fs::File::from_raw_fd(fd);
+			file.write_all(std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+				slice.as_ptr() as *const u8,
+				slice.len(),
+			))
+			.ok();
+			std::mem::forget(file); // Don't close the fd
+		}
+	}
+}

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,33 +1,34 @@
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
-
+#![allow(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 mod CDS;
 mod class;
+mod file_output_stream;
 mod misc_unsafe;
 mod object;
+mod reflect;
 mod reflection;
 mod runtime;
 mod scoped_memory_access;
 mod signal;
+mod string;
 mod system;
 mod system_props;
 mod thread;
 
-use jni::objects::{JClass, JObject, JString};
-use jni::strings::JNIString;
-use jni::sys::{jclass, jlong, jobject, jobjectArray};
-use jni::{JNIEnv, NativeMethod};
+use jni::JNIEnv;
+use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};
+use jni::sys::{jlong, jobject};
 use roast_vm_core::VmThread;
 use roast_vm_core::objects::ReferenceKind;
 use roast_vm_core::objects::array::ArrayReference;
 use roast_vm_core::objects::object::ObjectReference;
-use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::io::Write;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "system" fn Java_org_example_MockIO_print<'local>(
-	mut env: JNIEnv<'local>,
-	jclass: JClass<'local>,
+	env: JNIEnv<'local>,
+	_jclass: JClass<'local>,
 	input: JString<'local>,
 ) {
 	unsafe {
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ pub extern "system" fn Java_org_example_MockIO_print<'local>(
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "system" fn Java_org_example_Main_getTime<'local>(
-	mut env: JNIEnv<'local>,
-	jclass: JClass<'local>,
+	_env: JNIEnv<'local>,
+	_jclass: JClass<'local>,
 ) -> jlong {
 	SystemTime::now()
 		.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
@@ -55,8 +56,8 @@ pub extern "system" fn Java_org_example_Main_getTime<'local>(
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "system" fn Java_org_example_MockIO_println<'local>(
-	mut env: JNIEnv<'local>,
-	jclass: JClass<'local>,
+	_env: JNIEnv<'local>,
+	_jclass: JClass<'local>,
 	input: jlong,
 ) {
 	// let input: String = env

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/misc_unsafe.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 use crate::thread::THREAD_NEXT_ID_SENTINEL;
-use crate::{get_thread, resolve_array, resolve_object};
+use crate::{get_thread, resolve_object};
 use jni::sys::{JNI_FALSE, JNI_TRUE, JNIEnv, jboolean, jclass, jint, jlong, jobject, jstring};
 use log::warn;
-use roast_vm_core::native::r#unsafe::OffsetKind;
 use roast_vm_core::objects::ReferenceKind;
 use roast_vm_core::objects::array::ArrayReference;
-use roast_vm_core::objects::object::string_from_bytes;
 use roast_vm_core::value::Value;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_registerNatives(
-	env: *mut JNIEnv,
-	obj: jclass,
+	_env: *mut JNIEnv,
+	_obj: jclass,
 ) {
 	//no op
 	warn!("Unsafe_registerNatives is NO OP")
@@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_compareAndSetReferen
 				.read()
 				.resolve_field(offset)
 				.expect("unregistered field offset");
-			let mut guard = obj_ref.lock();
+			let guard = obj_ref.lock();
 
 			let current_id = guard
 				.fields
@@ -214,7 +212,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_compareAndSetInt(
 				.read()
 				.resolve_field(offset)
 				.expect("unregistered field offset");
-			let mut guard = obj_ref.lock();
+			let guard = obj_ref.lock();
 			let current = guard
 				.fields
 				.get(&key.field_name)
@@ -243,7 +241,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_compareAndSetLong(
 ) -> jboolean {
 	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
 	if offset == THREAD_NEXT_ID_SENTINEL {
-		return match thread.vm.NEXT_ID.compare_exchange(
+		return match thread.vm.next_id.compare_exchange(
 			expected as u64,
 			new_val as u64,
 			Ordering::SeqCst,
@@ -277,7 +275,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_compareAndSetLong(
 				.read()
 				.resolve_field(offset)
 				.expect("unregistered field offset");
-			let mut guard = obj_ref.lock();
+			let guard = obj_ref.lock();
 			let current = guard
 				.fields
 				.get(&key.field_name)
@@ -328,7 +326,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_compareAndExchangeIn
 				.read()
 				.resolve_field(offset)
 				.expect("unregistered field offset");
-			let mut guard = obj_ref.lock();
+			let guard = obj_ref.lock();
 			let current = guard
 				.fields
 				.get(&key.field_name)
@@ -377,7 +375,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_compareAndExchangeLo
 				.read()
 				.resolve_field(offset)
 				.expect("unregistered field offset");
-			let mut guard = obj_ref.lock();
+			let guard = obj_ref.lock();
 			let current = guard
 				.fields
 				.get(&key.field_name)
@@ -440,7 +438,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_compareAndExchangeRe
 				.read()
 				.resolve_field(offset)
 				.expect("unregistered field offset");
-			let mut guard = obj_ref.lock();
+			let guard = obj_ref.lock();
 
 			let current = guard
 				.fields
@@ -594,7 +592,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_getLongVolatile(
 ) -> jlong {
 	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
 	if obj.is_null() && offset == THREAD_NEXT_ID_SENTINEL {
-		return thread.vm.NEXT_ID.load(Ordering::SeqCst) as jlong;
+		return thread.vm.next_id.load(Ordering::SeqCst) as jlong;
 	}
 	let reference = thread.gc.read().get(obj as u32);
 

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/object.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jint, jlong, jobject};
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_Object_hashCode(
-	env: *mut JNIEnv,
+	_env: *mut JNIEnv,
 	obj: jobject,
 ) -> jint {
 	obj as u32 as i32

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/reflect/array.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use crate::get_thread;
+use jni::sys::{JNI_TRUE, JNIEnv, jclass, jint, jobject};
+use roast_vm_core::FieldType;
+use roast_vm_core::class_file::FieldRef;
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_reflect_Array_newArray(
+	env: *mut JNIEnv,
+	_class: jclass,
+	component_type: jclass,
+	length: jint,
+) -> jobject {
+	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
+	let comp = thread
+		.loader
+		.lock()
+		.class_from_mirror_id(component_type as u32)
+		.unwrap();
+	let classObj = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(component_type as u32)
+		.try_into_object_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	let prim = classObj
+		.lock()
+		.get_field(&FieldRef::new("Class", "primitive", FieldType::bool()))
+		.try_into_jboolean()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	let refe = if prim == JNI_TRUE {
+		thread.gc.write().new_primitive_array(comp, length)
+	} else {
+		thread.gc.write().new_object_array(comp, length)
+	};
+	refe.id() as jobject
+}

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/reflect/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod array;

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/reflection.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::get_thread;
-use jni::sys::{jboolean, jclass, jint, jobject, jobjectArray, JNIEnv};
+use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jclass, jint, jobject, jobjectArray};
 use roast_vm_core::class_file::FieldRef;
 use roast_vm_core::objects::array::ArrayReference;
 use roast_vm_core::value::Value;
-use roast_vm_core::{BaseType, FieldType, MethodDescriptor};
+use roast_vm_core::{BaseType, FieldType};
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_reflect_Reflection_getCallerClass(
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_reflect_Reflection_getCallerClas
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_reflect_Reflection_getClassAccessFlags(
 	env: *mut JNIEnv,
-	reflection_class: jclass,
+	_reflection_class: jclass,
 	class: jclass,
 ) -> jint {
 	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_reflect_Reflection_getClassAcces
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_reflect_DirectConstructorHandleAccessor_00024NativeAccessor_newInstance0(
 	env: *mut JNIEnv,
-	DirectConstructorHandleAccessor_class: jclass,
+	_DirectConstructorHandleAccessor_class: jclass,
 	constructor: jobject,
 	args: jobjectArray,
 ) -> jobject {

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/scoped_memory_access.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jclass};
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_jdk_internal_misc_ScopedMemoryAccess_registerNatives(
-	env: *mut JNIEnv,
+	_env: *mut JNIEnv,
 	_class: jclass,
 ) {
 	// noop

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/string.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use crate::get_thread;
+use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jstring};
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_String_intern(env: *mut JNIEnv, this: jstring) -> jstring {
+	let thread = &*get_thread(env);
+	let obj_id = this as u32;
+
+	let string_ref = thread
+		.gc
+		.read()
+		.get(obj_id)
+		.try_into_object_reference()
+		.unwrap();
+
+	let utf = thread.gc.read().transmute_string(string_ref).unwrap();
+
+	let interned_id = thread.gc.write().intern_existing_string(utf, obj_id);
+
+	interned_id as jstring
+}

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/system.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-use crate::{get_thread, resolve_array, resolve_object};
+use crate::{get_thread, resolve_array};
 use jni::objects::JClass;
 use jni::sys::{JNIEnv, jclass, jint, jlong, jobject};
-use log::warn;
 use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_System_arraycopy(
 	{
 		panic!("Array index out of bounds!");
 		// throw_exception(env, "java/lang/ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException", None);
-		return;
 	}
 
 	dst_arr
@@ -61,8 +59,8 @@ pub unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_System_arraycopy(
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "system" fn current_time_millis<'local>(
-	mut env: jni::JNIEnv<'local>,
-	jclass: JClass<'local>,
+	_env: jni::JNIEnv<'local>,
+	_jclass: JClass<'local>,
 ) -> jlong {
 	SystemTime::now()
 		.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
@@ -72,8 +70,8 @@ pub extern "system" fn current_time_millis<'local>(
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_System_nanoTime<'local>(
-	mut env: jni::JNIEnv<'local>,
-	jclass: JClass<'local>,
+	_env: jni::JNIEnv<'local>,
+	_jclass: JClass<'local>,
 ) -> jlong {
 	SystemTime::now()
 		.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
@@ -83,8 +81,8 @@ pub extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_System_nanoTime<'local>(
 
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_System_registerNatives<'local>(
-	mut env: jni::JNIEnv<'local>,
-	jclass: JClass<'local>,
+	_env: jni::JNIEnv<'local>,
+	_jclass: JClass<'local>,
 ) {
 	// No-op: native methods are handled by roast
 }

crates/roast-vm-sys/src/thread.rs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ unsafe extern "system" fn Java_java_lang_Thread_start0(env: *mut JNIEnv, this: j
 		VmThread::set_current(thread_id);
 
 		// Call this.run()
-		let thread_class = new_thread.get_class("java/lang/Thread").unwrap();
+		// let thread_class = new_thread.get_class("java/lang/Thread").unwrap();
 		let run_ref = MethodRef {
 			class: "java/lang/Thread".to_string(),
 			name: "run".to_string(),